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<title>Language geography</title>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:20.0em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;"><a href="Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">

<ul><li><a href="Portal%3AGeography" title="Portal:Geography">Portal</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_geography" title="Outline of geography">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="History_of_geography" title="History of geography">History of geography</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_geography#Greco-Roman_world" title="History of geography">Graeco-Roman</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_cartography" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese cartography">Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Islamic</a></li>

<li><a href="Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">History of cartography</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_geography" title="Historical geography">Historical geography</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_determinism" title="Environmental determinism">Environmental determinism</a></li>

<li><a href="Regional_geography" title="Regional geography">Regional geography</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantitative_revolution" title="Quantitative revolution">Quantitative revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Critical_geography" title="Critical geography">Critical geography</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Human_geography" title="Human geography">Human geography</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;"><b>Fields</b>

<ul><li><a href="Behavioral_geography" title="Behavioral geography">Behavioral</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_geography" title="Cognitive geography">Cognitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Critical_geography" title="Critical geography">Critical</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_geography" title="Cultural geography">Cultural</a>

<ul><li><a href="Animal_geographies" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal geographies">Animal</a></li>

<li><a href="Children's_geographies" title="Children's geographies">Children's</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Economic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Agricultural_geography" title="Agricultural geography">Agricultural</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyber_geography" title="Cyber geography">Cyber</a></li>

<li><a href="Development_geography" title="Development geography">Development</a></li>

<li><a href="Geography_of_finance" title="Geography of finance">Financial</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_economic_geography" title="Historical economic geography">Histo-economic</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_geography" title="Labor geography">Labor</a></li>

<li><a href="Geomarketing" title="Geomarketing">Marketing</a></li>

<li><a href="Retail_geography" title="Retail geography">Retail</a></li>

<li><a href="Theoretical_economic_geography" title="Theoretical economic geography">Theoretical economic</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_geography" title="Transport geography">Transport</a></li></ul></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Geolinguistics" title="Geolinguistics">Linguistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_geography" title="Music geography">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Vernacular_geography" title="Vernacular geography">Vernacular</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Moral_geography" title="Moral geography">Moral</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychogeography" title="Psychogeography">Psychological</a>

<ul><li><a href="Emotional_geography" title="Emotional geography">Emotional</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexuality_and_space" title="Sexuality and space">Sexuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Religion_and_geography" title="Religion and geography">Religion</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Health_geography" title="Health geography">Health</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_geography" title="Historical geography">Historical</a>

<ul><li><a href="Palaeogeography" title="Palaeogeography">Palaeo</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Imagined_geographies" title="Imagined geographies">Imagined</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_geography" title="Internet geography">Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_geography" title="Political geography">Political</a>

<ul><li><a href="Critical_geopolitics" title="Critical geopolitics">Critical geopolitics</a></li>

<li><a href="Electoral_geography" title="Electoral geography">Electoral</a></li>

<li><a href="Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Strategic_geography" title="Strategic geography">Strategic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Military_geography" title="Military geography">Military</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Population_geography" title="Population geography">Population</a>

<ul><li><a href="Settlement_geography" title="Settlement geography">Settlement</a>

<ul><li><a href="Regional_geography" title="Regional geography">Regional</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_geography" title="Urban geography">Urban</a>

<ul><li><a href="Music_geography" title="Music geography">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_geography" title="Transport geography">Transport</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Social_geography" title="Social geography">Social</a></li>

<li><a href="Tourism_geography" title="Tourism geography">Tourism</a></li>

<li><a href="Tropical_geography" title="Tropical geography">Tropical</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">Physical geography</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;"><b>Fields</b>

<ul><li><a href="Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a></li>

<li><a href="Zoogeography" title="Zoogeography">Zoogeography</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Climatology" title="Climatology">Climatology</a> / <a href="Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a> / <a href="Palaeogeography" title="Palaeogeography">Palaeogeography</a></li>

<li><a href="Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a>/ <a href="Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></li>

<li><a href="Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li>

<li><a href="Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a></li>

<li><a href="Glaciology" title="Glaciology">Glaciology</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a> / <a href="Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_ecology" title="Landscape ecology">Landscape ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li>

<li><a href="Pedology_(soil_study)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedology (soil study)">Pedology</a></li>

<li><a href="Quaternary_science" title="Quaternary science">Quaternary science</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Technical_geography" title="Technical geography">Technical geography</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;"><b>Fields</b>

<ul><li><a href="Geodesign" title="Geodesign">Geodesign</a></li>

<li><a href="Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li>

<li><a href="Geoinformatics" title="Geoinformatics">Geoinformatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Geographic_information_science" title="Geographic information science">Geographic information science</a></li>

<li><a href="Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistical_geography" title="Statistical geography">Statistical geography</a></li>

<li><a href="Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial analysis</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Integrated_geography" title="Integrated geography">Integrated geography</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;"><b>Fields</b>

<ul><li><a href="Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">Environmental social science</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">Environmental studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_ecology" title="Landscape ecology">Landscape ecology</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Geography" title="Geography">Methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Quantitative_geography" title="Quantitative geography">Quantitative</a></th></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li><a href="Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a>

<ul><li><a href="Computer_cartography" title="Computer cartography">Computer cartography</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_mapping" title="Web mapping">Web mapping</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li>

<li><a href="Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a>

<ul><li><a href="Distributed_GIS" title="Distributed GIS">Distributed GIS</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_GIS" title="Internet GIS">Internet GIS</a></li>

<li><a href="Geologic_modelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic modelling">Geologic modelling</a></li>

<li><a href="Geomathematics" title="Geomathematics">Geomathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Geostatistics" title="Geostatistics">Geostatistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a></li>

<li><a href="Map_algebra" title="Map algebra">Map algebra</a></li>

<li><a href="Participant_observation" title="Participant observation">Participant observation</a></li>

<li><a href="Photogrammetry" title="Photogrammetry">Photogrammetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Remote_Sensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Sensing">Remote Sensing</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistical_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical survey">Statistical survey</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveying" title="Surveying">Surveying</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_change_modeling" title="Land change modeling">Land change modeling</a></li></ul>

<a href="Qualitative_geography" title="Qualitative geography">Qualitative</a></th></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li><a href="Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a></li>

<li><a href="Geopoetics" title="Geopoetics">Geopoetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview (research)</a></li>

<li><a href="Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey (human research)</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Philosophy_of_geography" title="Philosophy of geography">Philosophy of geography</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em; text-align:center;">

<ul><li><a href="Behavioral_geography" title="Behavioral geography">Behavioral</a></li>

<li><a href="Critical_geography" title="Critical geography">Critical</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Feminist</a></li>

<li><a href="Marxist_geography" title="Marxist geography">Marxist</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-representational_theory" title="Non-representational theory">Non-representational theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.5em;">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_geographical_societies" title="List of geographical societies">Societies</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_geography_articles" title="Index of geography articles">Index</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_geographers" title="List of geographers">Geographers</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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<p><b>Language geography</b> is the branch of <a href="Human_geography" title="Human geography">human geography</a> that studies the geographic distribution of language(s) or its constituent elements. <b>Linguistic geography</b> can also refer to studies of how people talk about the landscape. For example, <a href="Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponymy</a> is the study of place names.<sup id="cite_ref-Toponymy_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toponymy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landscape ethnoecology, also known as ethnophysiography, is the study of landscape ontologies and how they are expressed in language.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There are two principal fields of study within the geography of language:

</p>

<ol><li><i>geography of languages</i>, which deals with the distribution through history and space of languages,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and/or is concerned with 'the analysis of the distribution patterns and spatial structures of languages in contact'.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i><a href="Geolinguistics" title="Geolinguistics">geolinguistics</a></i> being, when used as a sub-discipline of geography, the study of the 'political, economic and cultural processes that affect the status and distribution of languages'.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When perceived as a sub-discipline of linguistics that incorporates contact linguistics, one definition appearing has been 'the study of languages and dialects in contact and in conflict with various societal, economic, ideological, political and other contemporary trends with regard to a particular geographic location and on a planetary scale'.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol>

<p>Various other terms and subdisciplines have been suggested, but none gained much currency,<sup id="cite_ref-Dict_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dict-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including:

</p>

<ul><li><i>linguistic geography</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which deals with regional linguistic variations within languages,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trud3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trud3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trud2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trud2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dict_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dict-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called <b>dialect geography</b>, which some consider a subdivision of geolinguistics<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>a division within the examination of linguistic geography separating the studies of change over time and space;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<p>Many studies in what is now called contact linguistics have researched the effect of <a href="Language_contact" title="Language contact">language contact</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the languages or dialects (varieties) of peoples have interacted.<sup id="cite_ref-Dict_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dict-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This territorial expansion of language groups has usually resulted in the overlaying of languages upon existing speech areas, rather than the replacement of one language by another. For example, after the <a href="Norman_Conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Conquest of England">Norman Conquest of England</a>, <a href="Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> became the language of the aristocracy but <a href="Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> remained the language of a majority of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_geography">Linguistic geography</h2></div>

<p>Linguistic geography, as a field, is dominated by <a href="Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguists</a> rather than <a href="Geographer" title="Geographer">geographers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trud3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trud3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Charles_W._J._Withers" title="Charles W. J. Withers">Charles W. J. Withers</a> describes the difference as resulting from a focus on "elements of language, and only then with their geographical or social variation, as opposed to investigation of the processes making for change in the extent of language areas."<sup id="cite_ref-Dict_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dict-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Peter_Trudgill" title="Peter Trudgill">Peter Trudgill</a> says, "linguistic geography has been geographical only in the sense that it has been concerned with the spatial distribution of linguistic phenomena."<sup id="cite_ref-Trud2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trud2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greater emphasis has been laid upon explanation rather than mere description of the patterns of linguistic change.<sup id="cite_ref-Trud3_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trud3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dict_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dict-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That move has paralleled similar concerns in <a href="Geography" title="Geography">geography</a> and language studies.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

Some studies have paid attention to the social use<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of language and to variations in dialect within languages in regard to <a href="Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> or occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding such variations, lexicographer <a href="Robert_Burchfield" title="Robert Burchfield">Robert Burchfield</a> notes that their nature "is a matter of perpetual discussion and disagreement" and notes that "most professional linguistic scholars regard it as axiomatic that all varieties of English have a sufficiently large vocabulary for the expression of all the distinctions that are important in the society using it." He contrasts this with the view of the historian <a href="John_Vincent_(historian)" title="John Vincent (historian)">John Vincent</a>, who regards such a view as

</p>

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"a nasty little orthodoxy among the educational and linguistic establishment. However badly you need standard English, you will have the merits of non-standard English waved at you. The more extravagantly your disadvantages will be lauded as 'entirely adequate for the needs of their speakers', to cite the author of <i>Sociolinguistics</i>. It may sound like a radical cry to support pidgin, patois, or dialect, but translated into social terms, it looks more like a ploy to keep Them (whoever Them may be) out of the middle-class suburbs."</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— John Vincent, The Times<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></div>

<p>Burchfield concludes, "Resolution of such opposite views is not possible.... future of dialect studies and the study of class-marked distinctions are likely to be of considerable interest to everyone."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In <a href="England" title="England">England</a>, linguistic geography has traditionally focused upon rural English, rather than urban English.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common production of linguistic investigators of dialects is the shaded and dotted map showing to show where one linguistic feature ends and another begins or overlaps. Various compilations of these maps for England have been issued over the years, including Joseph Wright's <i>English Dialect Dictionary</i> (1896–1905), the <i><a href="Survey_of_English_Dialects" title="Survey of English Dialects">Survey of English Dialects</a></i> (1962–8), and <i>The Linguistic Atlas of England</i> (1978).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geolinguistic_organizations">Geolinguistic organizations</h2></div>

<p>Most <a href="Geolinguistic_organizations" title="Geolinguistic organizations">geolinguistic organizations</a> identify themselves as associations of linguists rather than of geographers. This includes the two oldest which both date to 1965 with "Amici Linguarum" (language friends) being founded by Erik V. Gunnemark and The American Society of Geolinguistics by <a href="Mario_A._Pei" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario A. Pei">Mario A. Pei</a>. The research in <a href="Geolinguistics" title="Geolinguistics">geolinguistics</a> which these organizations and others, which are more geographically oriented, promote is often interdisciplinary, being at times simultaneously both linguistic and geographic, and also being at times linked to other sub-disciplines of linguistics as well as going beyond linguistics to connect to sociology, anthropology, ethnology, history, demographics, political science, studies of cognition and communication, etc.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">Dialect continuum</a></li>

<li><a href="Language_policy" title="Language policy">Language policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistic_ecology" title="Linguistic ecology">Linguistic ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistic_landscape" title="Linguistic landscape">Linguistic landscape</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistic_map" title="Linguistic map">Linguistic map</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistic_rights" title="Linguistic rights">Linguistic rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Sprachbund" title="Sprachbund">Sprachbund</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFKadmon2000" class="citation book cs1">Kadmon, Naftali (2000). <i>Toponymy : the lore, laws, and language of geographical names</i> (1st ed.). New York: Vantage Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0533135311</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonHunn2012" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Leslie Main; Hunn, Eugene S., eds. (2012). <i>Landscape Ethnoecology: Concepts of Biotic and Physical Space</i>. New York: Berghahn Books.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Delgado de Carvalho, C.M. (1962). <i>The geography of languages</i>. In Wagner, P.L.; Mikesell, M.W. <i>Readings in cultural geography.</i> Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 75–93.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, C.H. (1980). "Language contact and language change in Wales, 1901–1971: a study in historical geolinguistics". <i><a href="Welsh_History_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh History Review">Welsh History Review</a></i> 10, 207–238.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGunnemark1991" class="citation journal cs1">Gunnemark, Erik (1991). "What is geolinguistics ?". <i>Geolinguistics, Journal of the American Society of Geolinguistics</i>. <b>17</b>. American Society of Geolinguistics: 12. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-4671">0190-4671</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politlinguist.ru/announcements/17.doc">"International Conference on multilingual perspectives in geolinguistics, April 11, 2015"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Dict-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dict_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dict_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dict_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dict_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dict_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Withers, Charles W.J. [1981] (1993). Johnson, R.J. <i>The Dictionary of Human Geography</i>, Gregory, Derek; Smith, David M., Second edition, Oxford: Blackwell, 252–3.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dell'Aquila, V. (1997). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2013163/Mapping_the_languages_of_Europe">Mapping the languages of Europe</a></i> in Herberts K., Laurén C., Laurén U, Strömann S. (Eds.): "Flerspråkighetens dimensioner. Individ, familj och samhälle", Vaasan Yliopiston Julkaisuja: Vaasa/Vasa, 103–131.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pei, M. (1966). <i>Glossary of linguistic terminology</i>. New York: John Wiley.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudgill, P. (1974). <i>Linguistic change and diffusion: description and explanation in sociolinguistic dialect geography.</i> Language in Society 3:2, 215–46.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Trud3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trud3_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trud3_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trud3_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudgill, P. (1983). <i>On dialect: social and geographical perspectives.</i> Oxford: Basil Blackwell; New York: New York University Press.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Trud2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trud2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trud2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudgill, P. (1975). <i>Linguistic geography and geographical linguistics.</i> Progress in Geography 7, 227–52</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iordan, I.; Orr, J. (1970). <i>An introduction to romance linguistics.</i> Oxford: Basil Blackwell; Berkeley: University of California Press.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinrich, U. (1974). <i>Languages in contact</i>. The Hague: Mouton.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burchfield, Robert [1985] (2003). <i>The English Language</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, 14.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Withers, C.W.J. (1984). <i>Gaelic in Scotland 1698–1981: the geographical history of a language.</i> Edinburgh: John Donald; Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hult, F.M. (2009). Language ecology and linguistic landscape analysis. In E. Shohamy & D. Gorter (Eds.), <i>Linguistic landscape: Expanding the scenery</i> (pp. 88–104). London: Routledge.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giglioli, P.P. (1972). <i>Language and social context</i>. Harmondsworth: Penguin.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i>, 23 February 1983, p. 12</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burchfield, Robert [1985] (2003). <i>The English Language</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, 128–130.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1985, one could still say, "We still know far more about the distribution of <i>byre/shippon/mistall/cow-stable/cow-house/cow-shed/neat-house/beast-house</i> for 'cow-shed' than we do about urban synonyms for pedestrian crossings, lollipop men, machines used to wash cars, forecourts of petrol stations, bollards, sleeping policemen, pay-out desks, supermarket trolleys, traffic wardens, telephone booths and hundreds of other items found in every city in the United Kingdom." Burchfield, Robert [1985] (2003). <i>The English Language</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, 128.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burchfield, Robert [1985] (2003). <i>The English Language</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, 125.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geolectos.com/atlas.htm">Linguistic atlas of the world</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702201942/http://www.geolectos.com/atlas.htm">Archived</a> 2 July 2017 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803195616/https://geolinguistics.info/">American Society of Geolinguistics</a></li></ul>

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<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geographical_distribution_of_languages361" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geographical_distribution_of_languages361" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geographical distribution of languages</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Romance-speaking_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking world">Romance-speaking world</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Iberophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberophone">Iberophone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Geographical_distribution_of_Portuguese_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical distribution of Portuguese speakers">Portuguese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lusophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophone">Lusophone</a></li>

<li><a href="Hispanophone" title="Hispanophone">Spanish</a>

<li><a href="Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Geographical_distribution_of_French_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of French speakers">French</a>

<ul><li><a href="Francophonie" title="Francophonie">Francophonie</a></li>

<li><a href="Geographical_distribution_of_Italian_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Italian speakers">Italian</a>

<li>Romanian

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Germanic-speaking_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking world">Germanic-speaking world</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">English</a>

<ul><li><a href="English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">Anglophone</a></li>

<li><a href="Geographical_distribution_of_German_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of German speakers">German</a>

<li><a href="Geographical_distribution_of_Dutch_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Dutch speakers">Dutch</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic-speaking world</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Geographical_distribution_of_Macedonian_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Macedonian speakers">Macedonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Geographical_distribution_of_Polish_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Polish speakers">Polish</a></li>

<li><a href="Geographical_distribution_of_Russian_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Russian speakers">Russian</a>

<li><a href="Geographical_distribution_of_Ukrainian_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Ukrainian speakers">Ukrainian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic-speaking world</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Irish</a></li>

<li><a href="G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Scottish Gaelic</a></li>

<li><a href="Y_Fro_Gymraeg" title="Y Fro Gymraeg">Welsh</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>

<li><a href="Sinophone" title="Sinophone">Sinophone</a>

<li><a href="Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Persosphere</a>

<li><a href="Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Malay_world" title="Malay world">Malay world</a>

<li><a href="Uralic-speaking_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic-speaking world">Uralic-speaking world</a></li>

<li><a href="Esperantujo" title="Esperantujo">Esperantujo</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Hindustani_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Hindustani is an official language">Hindustani list</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Tamil_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where Tamil is an official language">Tamil list</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Swahili_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Swahili is an official language">Swahili list</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li></ul>

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<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sub-fields_of_and_approaches_to_human_geography189" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sub-fields_of_and_approaches_to_human_geography189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sub-fields of and approaches to <a href="Human_geography" title="Human geography">human geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">